SCIENCES ENERGIES ENVIRONNEMENT

 Dear olivier hartmanshenn,

Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for week 34:

	Study unveils sustainable solution to vitamin B12 deficiency In new research published in the journal Discover Food, Dr. Asaf Tzachor, Founder and Academic Director of the Aviram Sustainability and Climate Program at Reichman University, along with a team of researchers from Iceland, Denmark and Austria, report the use of state-of-the-art biotechnology to cultivate photosynthetically-controlled Spirulina, and produce carbon–neutral and nutritious biomass containing unopposed, biologically active vitamin B12, in levels comparable to beef meat. This is the first time biologically active vitamin B12 has been reported in Spirulina.
	Some wild horses mysteriously vanish for months on North Carolina's Outer Banks. Where do they go? A ghost of sorts appeared on the northern end of North Carolina's Outer Banks—a wild stallion that goes by the name Dash.
	Mitochondria are flinging their DNA into our brain cells, study shows As direct descendants of ancient bacteria, mitochondria have always been a little alien. Now a study shows that mitochondria are possibly even stranger than we thought.
	First visualization of valence electrons reveals fundamental nature of chemical bonding The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was experimentally observed for the first time by a team led by Nagoya University in Japan. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons, their findings shine light on the fundamental nature of chemical bonds, with implications for pharmacy and chemical engineering. The results were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
	Study explains why laws are written in an incomprehensible style Legal documents are notoriously difficult to understand, even for lawyers. This raises the question: Why are these documents written in a style that makes them so impenetrable?
	First analysis of soil near the moon's south pole suggests its surface was once covered in molten magma India's Chandrayaan-3 mission was launched last summer and its Vikram lander touched down on the moon's surface last August. Shortly thereafter, it released a rover called Pragyan. Since that time, the rover has been meandering around the surface of the moon near its south pole, collecting and testing soil samples along with measuring seismic activity and atmospheric conditions.
	To kill mammoths in the Ice Age, people used planted pikes, not throwing spears, researchers say How did early humans use sharpened rocks to bring down megafauna 13,000 years ago? Did they throw spears tipped with carefully crafted, razor-sharp rocks called Clovis points? Did they surround and jab mammoths and mastodons? Or did they scavenge wounded animals, using Clovis points as a versatile tool to harvest meat and bones for food and supplies?
	Freeze-frame: Researchers develop world's fastest microscope that can see electrons in motion Imagine owning a camera so powerful it can take freeze-frame photographs of a moving electron—an object traveling so fast it could circle the Earth many times in a matter of a second. Researchers at the University of Arizona have developed the world's fastest electron microscope that can do just that.
	Fossil hotspots in Africa obscure a more complete picture of human evolution, study says Much of the early human fossil record originates from just a few places in Africa, where favorable geological conditions have preserved a trove of fossils used by scientists to reconstruct the story of human evolution.
	Organized youth sports are increasingly for the privileged: Study finds generational shifts in who plays A sweeping study of U.S. youth sports participation over the past 60 years has found that there has been a significant increase over time in kids playing organized sports—but particularly among more privileged, educated families.
	Mediterranean diet supplement can affect epigenetics associated with healthy aging As life expectancy increases, the attention and interest in safe and effective lifestyle interventions to promote healthy aging are growing rapidly. One of the elements explored is that of unhealthy diets, with poor nutritional value. Therefore, lifestyle changes which include dietary interventions could promote positive effects, and potentially reduce the risk of developing aging-related diseases.
	Supercomputer simulations offer explanation for X-ray radiation from black holes Researchers at the University of Helsinki have succeeded in something that has been pursued since the 1970s: explaining the X-ray radiation from black hole surroundings. The radiation originates from the combined effect of the chaotic movements of magnetic fields and turbulent plasma gas.
	A mechanism that transfers energy from nitrogen to argon enables bidirectional cascaded lasing in atmospheric air To produce light, lasers typically rely on optical cavities, pairs of mirrors facing each other that amplify light by bouncing it back and forth. Recently, some physicists have been investigating the generation of "laser light" in open air without the use of optical cavities, a phenomenon known as cavity-free lasing in atmospheric air.
	Newly discovered, free-living eukaryote is the first known to have lost its mitochondria An international team of geneticists and molecular biologists has discovered the first-known, free-living eukaryote to have lost its mitochondria. In their study, published in Nature Communications, the group found the eukaryote while investigating the patterns and processes of genome and mitochondrion-related organelles' evolution in metamonads in water samples collected from saltwater lakes and shallow marine environments.
	Study reveals devastating power and colossal extent of a giant underwater avalanche off the Moroccan coast New research by the University of Liverpool has revealed how an underwater avalanche grew more than 100 times in size, causing a huge trail of destruction as it traveled 2,000km across the Atlantic Ocean seafloor off the North West coast of Africa.
	Deviations in particle interactions point to the existence of new bosons Professors Andreas Crivellin of the University of Zurich and Bruce Mellado of the University of the Witwatersrand and iThemba LABS in South Africa have documented deviations in the way particles interact. These deviations are inconsistent in comparison to the way they are expected to break up, and point to the existence of new bosons.
	A maximally entangled quantum state with a fixed spectrum does not exist in the presence of noise, mathematician claims For more than 20 years, quantum researchers have wondered whether a quantum system can have maximum entanglement in the presence of noise. A mathematician from Spain recently answered the question: No.
	Test of a prototype quantum internet runs under New York City for half a month To introduce quantum networks into the marketplace, engineers must overcome the fragility of entangled states in a fiber cable and ensure the efficiency of signal delivery. Now, scientists at Qunnect Inc. in Brooklyn, New York, have taken a large step forward by operating just such a network under the streets of New York City.
	Ancient tree resin artifacts provide earliest-known evidence of humans dispersing through the Pacific Exactly when and how humans dispersed into and through the Pacific remains an intensely debated topic. Previous studies have been hampered by imprecise chronometric dating, making the exact timing and movement of people into the Pacific difficult to ascertain.
	Memory can be strengthened by unrelated experiences, study finds There is a legend that many hundreds of years ago—long be